GRE Sentence Equivalence Sample Questions

Murabahah Example

Essays on Murabahah Assignment Murabahah Murabahah is a common mode of financing used by Islamic financial intuitions to finance their (Hanif 167). Despite the fact that the transaction is conducted by financial institutions, the profit from Murabahah is different from the interest in conventional loans. In the case of Murabahah, the seller mentions the cost of the good under transaction, and if the buyer is willing to purchase it, the buyer adds a mark-up on the cost to achieve a profit. The other difference between the profit from Murabahah and the interest from a conventional loan is that the bank purchases the item on a cost-plus-profit benefit and later resells it to the buyer (Hanif 169). In this case, the banker discloses the cost of the item and the mark-up on the item. Instead of giving money to the borrower to buy an item, after which an interest is charged, the banker purchases the item on behalf of the buyer and sells it at a profit. From the Quran (30:39), interest on transactions is prohibited, since it does not increase the heavenly wealth of the individual involved, thus the need to state any profit from the Murabahah transaction before the transaction commences (Islamic Perspectives). On the position of entering into a Murabahah transaction with a client who has already pain earnest money to the original order of the goods, the Dubai Islamic Bank (54) states that it is necessary and mandatory to include any prior contractual agreements between the two parties. This means that before a Murabahah transaction is entered into between the bank and the client, the client needs to disclose any and all agreements between him and the original supplier of the goods being ordered. In this case, it is permissible to enter into a Murabahah transaction with a client who has paid earnest money (Hamish eljiddiyah) to the original supplier of the goods, provided that the client states all prior contractual relationships. Before a Murabahah contract is agreed upon, both parties in the agreement sign agreement where the banker agrees to sell the item and the buyer agrees to buy it from the banker (Usmani 25). According to Imam Malik (Fuqaha), all the parties in the Murabahah contract are legally bound by the contract that is signed to signal the commencement of the Murabahah agreement. Imam Malik states that any misdirection or failure of commitment by either party to the contract is subject to legal proceedings (Usmani 25). Other Fuqaha scholars state that the agreement is a religious obligation, so both parties must fulfill the agreement. However, Imam Al Shafai (Fuqaha) states that the contract between the two individuals in the transaction is not binding, and the sale only concludes when the buyer accepts to take possession of the goods. A Murabahah transaction cannot be securitized for creating a negotiable instrument to be sold and purchased in secondary market (Alsayyed 12). This is because, when a Murabahah transaction is made, the money and the good must be transferred at par value. In this case, the instrument in the transaction cannot be sold at a higher or lower price than the par value, and transacting a Murabahah paper with a third party cannot be sued to create a negotiable instrument. Works Cited Alsayyed, Nidal. Shari’ah Parameters of Islamic Derivatives in Islamic Banking and Finance, 2009. International Sharia’s Research Academy For Islamic Finance (ISRA) Dubai Islamic Bank. Murabahah to the Purchase Orderer, 2011. Dubai Islamic Bank, Islamic Sharia Department. Hanif, Muhammad. Differences and Similarities in Islamic and Conventional Banking. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2011. Vol. 2(2). Pp. 166-175. Islamic Perspectives. Riba in the Qur`an: A Closer Examination of Relevant Issues, 2012. Web. Accessed May 29, 2012. Available at: Usmani, Maulana. Murabahah, 2003. Accountancy. Com.pk.

Legal Aspects for Law of Business Organization- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLegal Aspects for Law of Business Organization. Answer: Case Description Issue: In the considered case situation; Plaintiff (Paul) is planning to sue to evict defendant (George) because according to him; he is the sole legal owner as per the applicability right of survivorship since rose died. However, the defendant will argue for an equitable interest in the cited property. Plaintiff: Paul Defendant: George Rules Equitable interest Definition: Property ownership can be split into two categories: legal interest and equitable interest (Penner, 2016). An equitable interest refers to an interest held by an asset of an equitable title that shows property s benefitted interest which will provide the owner the right to acquire legal title, or can make claims on the equitable ground like holding of interest by a beneficiary of the trust (Wang, 2016). Equitable interest is considered as a right in equity that might be secured by an equitable cure. Case: Chan Yuen Lan v See Fong Mun [2014] Brief fact In the cited case; associated parties is one married couple (octogenarians), Mr See and Mdm Chan, the concern of this dispute was a lodge home been purchased during 1983 for approx. $1.8 million (now valued at $20 million) and is registered by the name of Mdm Chan. The price for the purchase came from several sources. After thy purchased the bungalow, Mdm Chan implemented a legal representative for Mr See their son (eldest), giving them the responsibility to maintain the bungalow and put in to sell for such price as they see fit. In 2011, Mdm Chan cancelled the power of attorney as he thought that Mr See was selling the house. This provoked Mr See to ask for the announcement that he was beneficial party to the agreement. However, Mdm Chan counterclaimed that the bungalow was a present to her as per the assumption of advancement. Main outcome In Chan Yuen Lan v See Fong Mun [2014] SGCA 36, significant explanations were given by the Court of Appeal regarding the association between the resulting trust and common intention beneficial trust for the aim of determining beneficiary interest in the event of premise dispute. In this issue, which has involved many suppositions and was remained released in Lau Siew Kim v Yeo Guan Chye Terence [2007] SGCA 54 where the same court merely inveterate the sustained significance of the undistinguishable assumptions of resulting trust and advancement. Trust Definition: A trust is not related as a divided legal entity. On the other hand, by considering traditional understanding it can be said that trust is announced on the property, property title is divided into legal and equitable interest (Allen Kraakman, 2016). When the property is owned by the trust, a trustee had the legal title of the property, while the beneficiary holds the equitable title in the property (Singer, 2013). By making use of this method, it is the responsibility of trustee to manage the trust property, for example, making an investment in a trust fund also paying taxes and charges. In short, the trustee has the legal title whereas the beneficiary has a beneficial title. The present case is related to express trusts in which the legal owner had provided a declaration that they are holding the property for the benefit of indicated beneficiaries (Smith, 2016). Further; declaration in such trusts describes the proportion or manner in which they are to hold beneficial interest. This also covers provisions related to express declaration as it will override the ideologies of constructive or resulting trusts until and unless the assertion was obtained through mistake or fraud. Case: Mascall v Mascall [1984] Brief fact A father wants to grant land to his son. He prepared and provided him with a contract of transferring the land with a certificate of it. Later then they fell out and consequently, father changed his opinion of transferring the land. His son had not still left with the legal registration at Her Majesty's Land Registry. Therefore, the father claimed that the property is still in his name. Main outcome Lawton LJ and Browne-Wilkinson LJ provided a judgement stating that the premises belongs to the son, and was found on reliance for the son by his father, as the father made many efforts to make the transfer more effective. However, with no registration, and no transfer of legal title in equity, the father was not able to gain his agreement back. This case is supported by the principle of transfer of legal title to the trustee. This case implied that this necessity is applicable only in a situation where the legal owner has the intention to create an express trust through the transfer of legal title to a third party. In the cited situation; the declaration by an individual is not adequate for the formation of trust, as express trust will come into actuality where the transmission of the legal title is supported by registration or the instant that the act of transferee is in his supremacy to transferal of the legal title to the transferor. Estoppel Definition The promissory estoppels doctrine is characteristically described in two distinguished paragraphs. First one is that it is one of the primary principles that is engaged in all Courts of Equity, that in case parties have agreed to the separate and definite terms involved in legal results or forfeitures, then after with their own approval they enter in a negotiation course that has the outcome of leading any party to assume that rights taking place under the agreement will not impose, or kept secretly (Strong, 2016). An individual who may have imposed these rights will not be entitled to impose them in an inequitable state regarding the dealing that took place among the parties. The second paragraph says that if an individual is holding contractual rights in opposition to others inducing their conduct those not in favour of those having such rights to suppose that these rights would not be imposed or will be kept secret for a certain period of time (Hayes, 2017). Those individuals will not be entitled by Court of Equity to impose right till the specified time. (Halsburys Laws of Singapore vol 9(2) (LexisNexis, 2003) at para 110.277). Case: QBE Insurance (International) Ltd v Winterthur Insurance (Far East) Pte Ltd [2005] Brief fact During 1956, Mr Gillet dropped school at the age of fifteen for the purpose of working at the farm of Mr Holt. His parents desired that he would have continued his school and completed his levels of O and A. Mr Holt never married and had no kids. He liked the enthusiasm of Mr Gillet and started his training and assured to pass the business to him. He made various promises to him all along his working time-period that in near future the farm will be passed to him and had prepared numerous wills stating him as a beneficiary. In regards to these assurances, Mr Gillet agreed to work on a low wage for long hours and did not continue his education or look for work. In 1995, on the other hand, a dispute was raised; Mr Holt discharged Mr Gillet and further changed his will to eliminate Mr Gillet. Mr Gillet was dependant on proprietary estoppel. The trial judge declined the claim affirming that since a will can be altered, further there was no irreversible promise subsequent Taylor v Dickens. Mr Gillet appealed. Main outcome Therefore the appeal was entitled, MrGillet was allowed to the absolute tenure of the farm and the compensated amount of 100,000 the omission from the rest of the agribusiness. Robert Walker LJ In regards to the proprietary estoppels nature: At the initial stage, it is significant to consider proprietary estoppel doctrine is not treated as subdivided into three or four watertight compartments. Both of the sides accepted this, and at the time of oral dispute in this court it continuously became clear that the worth of relevant promises might impact the issue of trust, that trust and detriment are mostly tangled, and that if or of not there is dissimilar requirement for mutual understanding might rely on the forming and understanding of other elements. In addition to this, the basic principle that equity is taken into consideration to avoid reprehensible demeanour permeates all the elements of the doctrine. Licence Definition A special permission granted to do something on others property that, without the license, can be avoided legally or can increase legal actions in the trespass (Nel, 2014). The asset owner having obligations of statutory and legal rights to remain in good faith of beneficiaries, this is usually an authorized trust entity (Newman, 2015). A trust is brought in by a Settlement Deed implemented among the trustee and settler, generally, an expertise trustee authorized in the specified jurisdiction and transferring of assets in the trust while implementing Settlement Deed, settler must make a decision of these viable terms in the trust inclusive of Who are the primary beneficiaries? Whom to hire as a trust protector? Which authorities will be retained by settlor? Further; in the determination of legal entitlement Reimbursement of household bills, furnishings, and home improvements is not considered (Wood, 2017). Case: Burns v Burns [1984] Brief fact In the given case the plaintiff, Valerie Burns, had resided with the defendant for nineteen years but they never get married. The house in which they were residing had been purchased in the name of the defendant as they paid the purchase price in which there was no financial contribution by plaintiff making. However, she had acted as a homemaker as she was obliged for execution domestic duties. Although she had made monetary contributions in terms of household bills and refurbishing. Main outcome In the cited case; the court had provided judgement that initially plaintiff did not make any financial contribution for the purpose of acquisition to the property such as mortgage instalments thus as a consequence she does not hold any right related to beneficial entitlement for their family home. Cited decisions were affirmed by Lords Justice Waller, Fox and May in the Court of Appeal. Case: Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] Brief fact In the considered case Mrs Pettitt had inherited a house in which she resides with her husband. In-house; he spent 800 on upkeeps and renovation of the property. Later she sold that house in 1961 and bought other property in her name alone. In this sale transaction, some money was left from the sale so she gives the same to her husband for the purchase a car. They reside in the new house for 4 years and later they divorced. After divorce; her husband made the claim that he is having a beneficial interest in the cited property on the basis of improvements made by him to a new house. Main outcome In this case; the court had held that Mr Pettitt does not have any interest in the property because improvements made were not sufficient for the creation of an equitable interest in the property. Conclusion By considering the above-described provisions and analysis; conclusion can be drawn that with the death of Rose; George and Paul will be co-owners. Furthermore; Paul is not entitled to evict George as he has a legal interest in property due to his name on the title deed. It is because; in the considered case situation; Rose and Paul were having the agreement of joint tenancy due to which they are co-owners of the property. Further; Georges father sold their flat to generate funds for extension house of his son and money for the same was given to Rose and Paul. By considering this factor; George will be considered an occupier of the property and having equitable interest. References Books and Journals Allen, W. T., Kraakman, R. (2016).Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. Hayes, M. S. (2017). Trust Law-Beneficiary's Interest in Open-Class Discretionary Trust Amounts to Mere Expectancy Despite Ascertainable Standard-Pfannenstiehl v. Pfannenstiehl.Suffolk UL Rev.,50, 367. Nel, E. (2014). An interpretive account of unconscionability in trust law.Obiter,35(1), 81-93. Newman, A. (2015). Trust Law in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges to Fiduciary Accountability.Quinnipiac Prob. LJ,29, 261. Penner, J. (2016).The law of trusts. Oxford University Press. Singer, J. W. (2013). Property as the Law of Democracy.Duke LJ,63, 1287. Smith, B. S. (2016). Statutory discretion or common law power? Some reflections on veil piercing and the consideration of (the value of) trust assets in dividing matrimonial property at divorcePart One.Journal for Juridical Science,41(2), 68-94. Strong, S. I. (Ed.). (2016).Arbitration of Trust Disputes: Issues in National and International Law. Oxford University Press. Wang, J. (2016). The Rise of Singapore As International Financial Centre: Political Will, Industrial Policy, and Rule of Law. Wood, P. R. (2017). What happened to the trust in financial law?.Capital Markets Law Journal. Cases Chan Yuen Lan v See Fong Mun [2014] SGCA 36 Mascall v Mascall [1984] EWCA Civ 10 QBE Insurance (International) Ltd v Winterthur Insurance (Far East) Pte Ltd [2005] 1 SLR(R) 711. Burns v Burns [1984] Ch 317, [1984] 1 All ER 244) Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777 House of Lords

Julius Caesar Essays (918 words) - Ancient Rome, 1st Millennium BC

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Act I: The play opens with a little word play between Flavius, Marullus, and a few workers. The workers are on their way to see Julius Caesar who has recently returned from his victorious battle against Pompey. The reader immediately sees the dislike the tribunes have towards Caesar. However, the commoners seem to love Caesar. The scene moves to a large gathering where Caesar is the focus. As Caesar converses with Mark Antony, we learn that Caesar is superstitious. The belief in the supernatural and the forces of nature are very prevalent in the play, and Caesar's comment is but one example. To keep with the idea of the supernatural, a soothsayer speaks, warning Caesar to beware the Ides of March. He acts as though he is not concerned. After the exchange with the soothsayer, Caesar is offered the crown three times and refuses each time, even though the people are cheering for him to accept the empororship. At the same time, Cassius is trying to convince Brutus that Caesar is too ambitious and should be killed before being allowed to rule the Roman Empire. Brutus, always seeking to do what is right, says that he will not betray his honor and loyalty to Rome. That evening, there are strange and unusual natural occurrences--the weather is very strange and violent and fire falls from the sky. Most of the people believe that the weather is a bad omen, but Cassius disagrees. He uses the unusual weather to reason that it is only for evil men (such as Caesar) who need to be afraid. The plotting against Caesar continues. Act II: Brutus is convinced by Cassius that it is for the good of Rome that Caesar be killed. Some of the other conspirators want to kill friends of Caesar's, but Brutus feels that it is not necessary to kill anyone else. Only the person responsible for the downfall of Rome should perish according to Brutus. Caesar is contemplating on whether he should remain home during the Ides of March (which is March 15th). Calphurinia, Caesar's wife, tells Caesar of the horrible dream she had about his death and that the strange occurrences the night before are a prelude of his death. He agrees to stay until Decius, a conspirator, tells him her dreams were not of his death, but of him saving Rome. Thus Caesar leaves for the Senate despite his wife's pleas. Meanwhile, Artemidorus waits in the streets of Rome for Caesar to pass so he can give him a note warning Caesar of the conspiracy. Act III: Attempts are made to warn Caesar of the plot to kill him, but none are successful. Caesar is murdered in the Senate House. Brutus keeps the others from killing anyone else and they all believe that their deed will be celebrated throughout the ages. Antony enters and pretends that he agrees with the conspirators actions and is granted permission to speak at Caesar's funeral. Brutus speaks first at the funeral to explain their reasons for killing Caesar. The people seem to accept his explanation and then Antony speaks. Throughout his speech, Antony never really says anything bad about Brutus and the others, but he talks about Caesar being such a great and noble man willing to sacrifice all for his people. The listeners become angry and a mob runs through the streets in search of the conspirators; they even kill a man because he had the same name as one of the conspirators. Act IV: Battle plans are being made as well as a list of people supportive of Brutus and the conspirators. These people are to be killed. Octavius and Antony methodically pick people (even family members) who are to be executed. This next part somewhat confused me. Brutus and Cassius are arguing with each other because Brutus would not pardon a friend of Cassius caught accepting bribes. It is almost as if Brutus is mad at Cassius for convincing him to kill Caesar and uses this to vent his anger. I'm not really sure if this is true, so don't take it as gospel. Then they make up saying they weren't really in there right minds. As if